partial

Utilities for working with partial functions.

spago install partial

Every now and then, you will want to use partial functions; that is, functions which don't handle every possible case of their inputs. For example, there is a function fromJust :: ∀ a. Partial ⇒ Maybe a → a in Data.Maybe, which gives you the value inside a Just value, or throws an error if given Nothing.

It's important that types tell the truth wherever possible, because this is a large part of what allows us to understand PureScript code easily and refactor it fearlessly. However, in certain contexts, you know that e.g. an Either value is always going to be Right, but you can't prove that to the type checker, and so you want an escape hatch so that you can write a function that doesn't have to deal with the Left case. This is often the case when performance is important, for instance.

Previously, partial functions have been indicated by putting the word "unsafe" at the start of their names, or by putting them in an "Unsafe" module. For instance, there was previously an unsafeIndex function in Data.Array.Unsafe, and fromJust used to be in Data.Maybe.Unsafe. However, this is not ideal, because the fact that these functions are partial, and therefore unsafe if used carelessly, does not appear in the type. Consequently, there is little to stop you from using it in an inappropriate manner by accident.

The Partial type class allows us to put this information back into the types, and thereby allows us to clearly demarcate which parts of your code are responsible for making that sure unsafe functions are used in a safe manner.

If you try to just use a partial function, you'll most likely get an error about no instance being found for the Partial class. Take this program, for instance:

module Main where

import Prelude
import Data.Maybe (Maybe(..), fromJust)
import Effect (Effect)
import Effect.Console (logShow)

main :: Effect Unit
main = logShow (fromJust (Just 3))

Because fromJust is partial, and because the partiality hasn't been explicitly handled, you'll get an error:

at src/Main.purs line 8, column 1 - line 8, column 56

  No type class instance was found for

    Prim.Partial

Aside: Yes, this is not a fantastic error. It's going to get better soon.

The solution is usually to add an application of unsafePartial somewhere, like this:

module Main where

import Prelude
import Data.Maybe (Maybe(..), fromJust)
import Effect (Effect)
import Effect.Console (logShow)
import Partial.Unsafe (unsafePartial)

main :: Effect Unit
main = logShow (unsafePartial (fromJust (Just 3)))

The rule of thumb is to put unsafePartial at the level of your program such that the types tell the truth, and the part of your program responsible for making sure a use of a partial function is safe is also the part where the unsafePartial is. This is perhaps best demonstrated with an example.

Imagine that we want to represent vectors in 3D with an array containing exactly 3 values (perhaps we want to use them with some other API that expects this representation, and we don't want to be converting back and forth all the time). In this case, we would usually use a newtype and avoid exporting the constructor:

module Data.V3
  ( V3()
  , makeV3
  , runV3
  ) where

newtype V3 = V3 (Array Number)

makeV3 :: Number -> Number -> Number -> V3
makeV3 x y z = V3 [x, y, z]

runV3 :: V3 -> Array Number
runV3 (V3 v) = v

This way, all of the functions are safe; the code will guarantee that any V3 does contain exactly 3 values (although the type checker is not aware of this).

Now imagine we want to write a dot product function:

dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
dot (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3

We know this is ok, but the compiler disallows it:

A case expression could not be determined to cover all inputs.
The following additional cases are required to cover all inputs:

  (V3 _) _
  _      (V3 _)

Alternatively, add a Partial constraint to the type of the enclosing value.

in value declaration dot

In this case, we can use unsafePartial to explicitly say that we don't actually need to worry about those other cases, and therefore we don't want to propagate a Partial constraint; users of this dot function should not have to worry about this partiality. For example:

dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
dot x y = Partial.Unsafe.unsafePartial (go x y)
  where
  go :: Partial => V3 -> V3 -> Number
  go (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3
  -- This second pattern can be omitted, but provides a better error message
  -- in case we do get an invalid argument at runtime.
  go _ _ = Partial.crash "Bad argument: expected exactly 3 elements."

The unsafePartial function comes from the Partial.Unsafe module, in the purescript-partial package.

In this case, we could also use Partial.Unsafe.unsafeCrashWith:

dot :: V3 -> V3 -> Number
dot (V3 [x1, x2, x3]) (V3 [y1, y2, y3]) = x1*y1 + x2*y2 + x3*y3
dot _ _ = unsafeCrashWith "Bad argument: expected exactly 3 elements."

Both implementations will behave in the same way.

In this case, we know our dot implementation is fine, and so users of it should not have to worry about its partiality, so it makes sense to avoid propagating the constraint. Now, we will see another case where a Partial constraint should be propagated.

Let us suppose we want a foldr1 function, which works in a very similar way to foldr on Lists, except that it doesn't require an initial value to be passed, and instead requires that the list argument contains at least one element.

We can implement it like this:

foldr1 f (Cons x xs) = foldr f x xs

The compiler infers the correct type here, which is:

foldr1 :: forall a. Partial => (a -> a -> a) -> List a -> a

Now imagine we want a version of Data.Foldable.minimum which returns an a instead of a Maybe a, and is therefore partial. We can implement it in terms of our new foldr1 function:

minimumP = foldr1 min

Again, the compiler infers the correct type:

minimumP :: forall a. (Partial, Ord a) => List a -> a

Notice that the Partial constraint is automatically propagated to the minimumP function because of the use of another partial function in its definition, namely foldr1. In this case, this is what we want; we should propagate the Partial constraint, because it is still the caller's responsibility to make sure they supply a non-empty list.

So hopefully it is now clear why this partiality checking is implemented in terms of a type class: it allows us to elegantly reuse existing machinery in the type checker in order to check that a Partial constraint is either explictly handled or propagated. This should help ensure that when you're reading the code a few months later, it remains clear which part of the code is responsible for ensuring that any assumed invariants which cannot be encoded in the type system do hold.

• API documentation is published on Pursuit.